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<h1>08-MySQL的数据目录</h1>

<div><span><div style="font-size: 14px; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%;"><p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">InnoDB、MyISAM存储引擎是把表存储到磁盘上，而操作系统用来管理磁盘的部分称为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">文件系统</strong>。MySQL服务器程序在启动时会到文件系统的某个目录下加载一些文件，之后在运行过程中产生的数据也会存储到这个目录下的某些文件中，这个目录称为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">数据目录</strong>。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">数据目录对应一个系统变量<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">datadir</strong>，查看命令：<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'datadir'；</strong></p>
<h2 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 34px; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbdbdb; color: #333;">数据目录的结构</h2>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">1. 数据库在文件系统中的表示</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">当使用<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">CREATE DATABASE 数据库名</strong>语句创建数据库时：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">数据目录</strong>下创建一个和数据库名同名的子目录（或者说是文件夹）；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">在该与数据库名同名的子目录下创建一个名为db.opt的文件，这个文件中包含了该数据库的各种属性，比如数据库的字符集和比较规则等。</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">2. 表在文件系统中的表示</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">每个表的信息可以分为两种：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">表结构的定义：表的名称、表中的列，每个列的数据类型，约束条件，索引等等；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">表中的数据；</li>
</ul>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">InnoDB和MyISAM这两种存储引擎都在数据目录下对应的数据库子目录下创建了一个专门用于描述表结构的文件：<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">表名.frm</strong>，这个后缀名为.frm是以二进制格式存储的。</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1 InnoDB是如何存储表数据的</h4>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">InnoDB其实是使用页为基本单位来管理存储空间的，默认的页大小为16KB；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">对于InnoDB存储引擎来说，每个索引都对应着一棵B+树，该B+树的每个节点都是一个数据页，数据页之间不必要是物理连续的，因为数据页之间有<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">双向链表</strong>来维护着这些页的顺序；</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">InnoDB的聚簇索引的叶子节点存储了完整的用户记录，也就是所谓的索引即数据，数据即索引；<br/>
为了管理这些页，InnoDB中提出了一个<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">表空间</strong>或者<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">文件空间</strong>的概念，这个表空间是一个抽象概念，它可以对应文件系统上一个或多个真实文件。每个表空间可以被划分为很多很多个页，表数据就存放在某个表空间下的某些页里。表空间分为几种不同的类型：</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1-1 系统表空间（共享表空间） system tablespace</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">所谓<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">系统表空间</strong>可以对应文件系统上一个或多个实际的文件，默认情况下，InnoDB会在数据目录下创建一个名为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">ibdata1、大小为12M</strong>的文件，这个文件就是对应的<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">系统表空间</strong>在文件系统上的表示。这个文件是<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">自扩展文件</strong>，当存储空间不够用时u，会自动增加文件大小。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">如果想让表空间对应文件系统上多个实际文件，或者觉得原来的ibdata1这个文件名难听，可以在MySQL启动时配置对应的文件路径以及它们的大小：<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">[server]</strong><br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">innodb_data_file_path=data1:512M;data2:512M:autoextend</strong><br/>
这样在MySQL启动之后就会创建这两个512M大小的文件作为系统表空间，其中的autoextend表明这两个文件如果不够用会自动扩展data2文件的大小。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">需要注意的是，在一个MySQL服务器中，系统表空间只有一份。从MySQL5.5.7到MySQL5.6.6之间的各个版本中，我们表中的数据都会被默认存储到这个<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">系统表空间</strong>。</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1-2 独立表空间 file_per_table tablespace</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在MySQL5.6.6以及之后的版本中，InnoDB并不会默认的把各个表的数据存储到系统表空间中，而是为每个表建立一个<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">独立表空间</strong>，也就是创建了多少个表，就有多少个独立表空间。使用独立表空间来存储表的数据时，会在该表所属数据库对应的子目录下创建一个表示该独立表空间的文件，文件名和表名相同，只不过添加了一个.ibd的扩展名：<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">表名.ibd</strong>，用来存储表中的数据和索引。</p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">当然，也可以自己指定使用<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">系统表空间</strong>还是<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">独立表空间</strong>来存储数据，这个功能由启动参数innodb_file_per_table控制：<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">[server]</strong><br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">innodb_file_per_table=0</strong><br/>
当<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">innodb_file_per_table</strong>的值为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">0</strong>时，代表使用系统表空间；<br/>
当<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">innodb_file_per_table</strong>的值为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">1</strong>时，代表使用独立表空间；<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">不过innodb_file_per_table参数只对新建的表起作用，对于已经分配了表空间的表并不起作用。</strong><br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">把已经存在系统表空间中的表转移到独立表空间</strong>：<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">ALTER TABLE 表名 TABLESPACE [=] innodb_file_per_table；</strong></p>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">把已经存在在独立表空间的表转移到系统表空间</strong>：<br/>
<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">ALTER TABLE 表名 TABLESPACE [=] innodb_system；</strong></p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-1-3 其他表空间</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">随着MySQL的发展，除了上述两种老牌表空间之外，现在还新提出了一些不同类型的表空间，比如通用表空间（general tablespace）、undo表空间（undo tablespace）、临时表空间（temporary tablespace）等。</p>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-2 MyISAM是如何存储表数据的</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">在MyISAM中的索引全部都是二级索引，该存储引擎的数据和索引是分开存放的。所以在文件系统中也是使用不同的文件来存储数据文件和索引文件。而且和InnoDB不同的是，MyISAM并没有什么所谓的表空间一说，表数据都存放到对应的数据库子目录下。假如test表使用MyISAM存储引擎的话，那么在它所在数据库对应的xiaohaizi目录下会为test表创建这三个文件：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">test.frm：存储表结构信息</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">test.MYD：数据文件，也就是插入的用户记录</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">test.MYI：索引文件</li>
</ul>
<h4 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-size: 20px; color: #333;">2-3 其他文件</h4>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">除了上边所说的ibdata1、.frm、.ibd、.MYD、.MYI文件外，数据目录下还包括为了更好运行程序的一些额外文件，主要包括这几种类型的文件：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">服务器进程文件<br/>
我们知道每运行一个MySQL服务器程序，都意味着启动一个进程。MySQL服务器会把自己的进程ID写入到一个文件中；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">服务器日志文件<br/>
在服务器运行过程中，会产生各种各样的日志，比如常规的查询日志、错误日志、二进制日志、redo日志吧啦吧啦各种日志，这些日志各有各的用途，我们之后会重点唠叨各种日志的用途，现在先了解一下就可以了；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">默认/自动生成的SSL、RSA证书和密钥文件<br/>
主要是为了客户端和服务器安全通信而创建的一些文件</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">3. 文件系统对数据库的影响</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">因为MySQL的数据都是存储在文件系统中的，就不得不受到文件系统的一些制约，这在数据库和表的命名、表的大小和性能方面体现的比较明显，比如下边这些方面：</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">数据库名称和标名称不得超过文件系统所允许的最大长度<br/>
每个数据库都对应数据目录的一个子目录，数据库名称就是这个子目录的名称；每个表都会在数据库子目录下产生一个和表名同名的.frm文件，如果是InnoDB的独立表空间或者使用MyISAM引擎还会有别的文件的名称与表名一致。这些目录或文件名的长度都受限于文件系统所允许的长度；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">特殊字符的问题<br/>
为了避免因为数据库名和表名出现某些特殊字符而造成文件系统不支持的情况，MySQL会把数据库名和表名中所有除数字和拉丁字母以外的所有字符在文件名里都映射成 @+编码值的形式作为文件名；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;">文件长度受文件系统最大长度限制<br/>
对于InnoDB的独立表空间来说，每个表的数据都会被存储到一个与表名同名的.ibd文件中；对于MyISAM存储引擎来说，数据和索引会分别存放到与表同名的.MYD和.MYI文件中。这些文件会随着表中记录的增加而增大，它们的大小受限于文件系统支持的最大文件大小。</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700; font-size: 27px; color: #333;">4. MySQL系统数据库简介</h3>
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; margin: 10px 0; color: #333;">MySQL的几个系统数据库包含了MySQL服务器运行过程中所需的一些信息以及一些运行状态信息。</p>
<ul style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; display: block; list-style-type: disc; padding-left: 30px; margin: 6px 0 10px; color: #333;">
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">mysql</strong><br/>
这个数据库非常核心，它存储了MySQL的用户账户和权限信息，一些存储过程、事件的定义信息，一些运行过程中产生的日志信息，一些帮助信息以及时区信息等；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">information_schema</strong><br/>
这个数据库保存着MySQL服务器维护的所有其他数据库的信息，比如有哪些表、哪些视图、哪些触发器、哪些列、哪些索引，这些信息并不是真实的用户数据，而是一些描述性信息，有时也被称之为<strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">元数</strong>据；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">performance_schema</strong><br/>
这个数据库里主要保存MySQL服务器运行过程中的一些状态信息，算是对MySQL服务器的一个性能监控。包括统计最近执行了哪些语句，在执行过程的每个阶段都花费了多长时间，内存的使用情况等；</p>
</li>
<li style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; position: relative;">
<p style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; color: #333; margin: 0;"><strong style="line-height: 160%; box-sizing: content-box; font-weight: 700;">sys</strong><br/>
这个数据库主要是通过视图的形式把information_schema和performance_schema结合起来，让程序员可以更方便的了解MySQL服务器的一些性能信息。</p>
</li>
</ul>
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